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From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (05 January 2017) [foldoc]:
sharding
A form of data partitioning in which a large
database table is split over multiple servers in order
to balance load (load balancing). Some property of the data
is used to select which server should handle a given row,
e.g. the primary id modulo the number of servers.
Sharding should be a last resort in database performance
optimisation because of the difficulty of changing the
allocation of data to servers, e.g. if the number of servers
changes or the distribution is found to be uneven.
{Sharding Your Database, Ovid, perl.org
(http://blogs.perl.org/users/ovid/2010/05/sharding-your-database.html)}.
(2010-05-16)