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From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (05 January 2017) [foldoc]:
peer
A unit of communications hardware or software
that is on the same protocol layer of a network as another.
A common way of viewing a communications link is as two
protocol stacks, which are actually connected only at the
very lowest (physical) layer, but can be regarded as being
connected at each higher layer by virtue of the services
provided by the lower layers. Peer-to-peer communication
refers to these real or virtual connections between
corresponding systems in each layer.
To give a simple example, when two people talk to each other,
the lowest layer is the physical layer which concerns the
sound pressure waves travelling from mouth to ear (so mouths
and ears are peers) the next layer might be the speech and
hearing centres in the people's brains and the top layer their
cerebellums or minds. Although, barring telepathy, nothing
passes directly between the two minds, there is a peer-to-peer
communication between them.
(2007-03-27)