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From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (05 January 2017) [foldoc]:
heartbeat
1. The signal emitted by a Level 2 Ethernet
transceiver at the end of every packet to show that the
collision-detection circuit is still connected.
2. A periodic synchronisation signal used by software or
hardware, such as a bus clock or a periodic interrupt.
3. The "natural" oscillation frequency of a computer's clock
crystal, before frequency division down to the machine's clock
rate.
4. A signal emitted at regular intervals by software to
demonstrate that it is still alive. Sometimes hardware is
designed to reboot the machine if it stops hearing a
heartbeat. See also breath-of-life packet, watchdog.
[Jargon File]
(1996-03-12)