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From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (05 January 2017) [foldoc]:
decidability
decidable
A property of sets for which one can determine
whether something is a member or not in a finite number of
computational steps.
Decidability is an important concept in {computability
theory}. A set (e.g. "all numbers with a 5 in them") is said
to be "decidable" if I can write a program (usually for a
Turing Machine) to determine whether a number is in the set
and the program will always terminate with an answer YES or NO
after a finite number of steps.
Most sets you can describe easily are decidable, but there are
infinitely many sets so most sets are undecidable, assuming
any finite limit on the size (number of instructions or number
of states) of our programs. I.e. how ever big you allow your
program to be there will always be sets which need a bigger
program to decide membership.
One example of an undecidable set comes from the {halting
problem}. It turns out that you can encode every program as a
number: encode every symbol in the program as a number (001,
002, ...) and then string all the symbol codes together. Then
you can create an undecidable set by defining it as the set of
all numbers that represent a program that terminates in a
finite number of steps.
A set can also be "semi-decidable" - there is an algorithm
that is guaranteed to return YES if the number is in the set,
but if the number is not in the set, it may either return NO
or run for ever.
The halting problem's set described above is semi-decidable.
You decode the given number and run the resulting program. If
it terminates the answer is YES. If it never terminates, then
neither will the decision algorithm.
(1995-01-13)