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From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (05 January 2017) [foldoc]:
checkpoint
Saving the current state of a program and its
data, including intermediate results, to disk or other
non-volatile storage, so that if interrupted the program
could be restarted at the point at which the last checkpoint
occurred.
This facility came into popular use in mainframe {operating
systemss} such as OS/360 in which programs frequently ran
for longer than the mean time between system failures. If a
program run fails because of some event beyond the program's
control (e.g. hardware or operating system failure) then the
processor time invested before the checkpoint will not have
been wasted.
(1995-02-07)