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From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (05 January 2017) [foldoc]:
in-band signalling
bit-robbing
channel associated signaling
in-band signaling
(Or CAS, channel associated signaling)
Transmission of control signals in the same channel as data.
This is commonly used in the {Public Switched Telephone
Network} where the same pair of wires carry both voice and
control signals (e.g. dialling, ringing). Another example is
the use on a computer serial line of Control-S and Control-Q
characters for flow control as opposed to {hardware flow
control} which would be out-of-band signalling.
In digital communications, in-band signalling often uses
"bit-robbing" where, for example, one bit in each frame is
used for signalling instead of data. This is the reason why a
D1 channel in the T-carrier system can only carry 56 Kbps of
usable data instead of the 64 Kbps carried by the D0 channel
in the E-carrier system.
(2007-01-26)