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From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (05 January 2017) [foldoc]:
optical computing
Optical Signal Processor
OSP
(Or "Optical Signal Processing") Operating on data
represented using electromagnetic radiation, e.g. visible
light, instead of the electrical signals used in a
conventional electronic digital computer.
Electronic digital computers are built from transistors.
These form components that store data and logic gates that
perform the low-level Boolean operations such as AND, OR
and NOT that are the basis of all digital computation.
The optical equivalent requires material with a non-linear
refractive index such that light beams can interact with each
other to perform the same Boolean operations.
Though the photons that carry optical signals offer some
theoretical advantages over the electrons that carry
electronic signals, there are many practical problems that
would have to be overcome before optical computing could
compete in terms of cost, power and speed.
(2015-08-21)